Hunroch/Unruoch
Hunroch/UnruochHunroch, who appears as count in a charter of Saint-Bertin dated 29 June 839, is presumed to have been count of Ternois, the pagus in which Saint-Bertin lies ["Signum Undrici, comitis." Cart. S.-Bertin, ii, 5, 87-8; see also the supposed charter of 20 June 839 ("Signum Unrici, comitis.") ibid., ii, 4, 85-6, which Grierson labels as probably false, Grierson (1938), 243, n. 14]. Hunroch was still living on 21 July 844, when his son Adalard became abbot of Saint-Bertin ["... a patre Hunroco oblatus ..." Folcwine, c. 58; see below under Adalard]. He eventually retired and became a monk at Saint-Bertin, giving the greater part of his possessions (of which only the village of Houlle is given by name) to the abbey, dying on a 13 November in an unknown year ["Huius autem pater Hunrocus, quod supra memoria excidit, in monasterio Sithiu comam capitis deposuit monachicumque habitum, iugo se Christi summittens, adsumpsit, et quia comes erat ditissimus, hereditatis suae maximam partem prefato monasterio est largitus. Ex quibus una est villa Hunela dicta, quam eo tenore contradidit, ut custos ecclesiae, ad quem eam tradidit, annis singulis post eius vitae decessum in eius anniversarium annulae exinde fratribus prepararet obsequium. Qui postea inibi defunctus, coram altare sancti Laurentii, in sinestra parte ingredientium est humatus Idus Novembris, ..." Folcwine, Gesta abbatum S. Bertini Sithiensium, c. 66, MGH SS 13: 620; Cart. S.-Bertin, ii, 38 (p. 110)]. Hunroch was mentioned as deceased in a charter of his son Adalard on 5 September 853 ["... ad altare, coram quo corpus genitoris nostri Hunroci requiescit, ..." Cart. S.-Bertin, ii, 11 (p. 94)]. Hunroch has given his name to the vague family group which modern scholars call the "Unruochings", whose early genealogy is very uncertain [see Chaume (1940a); Werner (1965), 133-7].
As is frequently the case for this period, it is often difficult to determine whether or not men named Hunroch who appear in various records should be identified with one another. An earlier Hunroch who was probably a distinct individual has sometimes been identified with Hunroch of Ternois. This is discussed in detail in the Commentary section.
Date of birth: Unknown.
Place of birth: Unknown.
Date of death: 13 November, 844×852.
As noted above, Hunroch died on a
13 November sometime between 21 July 844 and 5 September 853.
Place of burial: Saint-Bertin.
[See above]
Father: Unknown.
Mother: Unknown.
See the Commentary section for Chaume's
conjecture regarding the parents of Hunroch.
Spouse: Uncertain.
Her name was possibly Engeltrude. See the
Commentary section.
Children:
The sources do not directly verify
that the Hunroch who was father of Eberhard of Friuli was the
same man as Hunroch of Ternois, father of abbot Adalard of
Saint-Bertin. However, the identification is reasonably certain,
for reasons which are covered below in the Commentary section,
where the questionable appearance of Bérenger of Toulouse in
this family group is also discussed.
Eberhard, d.
865×6, duke of Friuli;
m. Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious.
["Hunroci proles ..." Sedulius Scottus, Carmina,
ii, 67, Ad Everhardum comitem, MGH Poet. Lat. 3: 221]
Adalard, abbot of Saint-Bertin,
844-864; abbot of Saint-Amand.
Adalard became abbot of Saint-Bertin on 21
July 844 ["Post Hugonem autem abbatem supra memoratum
abbas efficitur Adalardus in hoc coenobio Sithiu, sancto Petro et
sancto Bertino a patre Hunroco oblatus; sed post canonicus est
effectus. Suscepit autem abbatiam anno prefato 12. Kal. Augusti."
Folcwine, Gesta abbatum S. Bertini Sithiensium, c. 58,
MGH SS 13: 618; Cart. S.-Bertin, ii, 9 (pp. 92-3)]. In November
853, he appears as a missus in the Capitulary of Servais
["Immo episcopus, Adalardus abba, Waltcaudus,
Odelricus missi in Noviomiso, Vermendiso, Adertiso, Curtrisco,
Flandra, comitatibus Engilramni et in comitatibus Waltcaudi."
MGH Leg. 1: 426]. In 858, Adalard entered into rebellion against
Charles the Bald, and in 859 he was deprived of his abbacy, which
was given on 24 March 859 to Hugues "the Abbot", cousin
of Charles ["Igitur post haec anno dominicae nativitatis
859 et prefati regis Karoli 20 prefatus abbas Adalardus apud
eundem regem incusatus, anno regiminis sui 16. abbatia ab eo est
abstracta atque Hugoni iuniori est data 9. Kal. Aprilis, [6.
feria ante pasca], qui erat canonicus et filius Chonradi et
avunculus Karoli supra memorati regis." Folcwine,
Gesta abbatum S. Bertini Sithiensium, c. 64, MGH SS 13:
619; Cart. S.-Bertin, ii, 36 (p. 107)]. On 25 July 861, he
regained the abbacy of Saint-Bertin, and he died on 3 February
864 and was buried at Saint-Amand ["Igitur his expletis,
anno dominicae nativitatis 861. abbatia iam dicto Hugoni ablata,
iterum Adalardo est reddita 8. Kal. Augusti, anno regni prefati
regis Karoli 21; sed non hanc nisi triennio post haec rexit. Anno
namque 4. apud Sancti Amandi monasterium egrotans, exivit hominem
3. Nonas Februarii, qui erat annus dominicae nativitatis 864,
sepultusque est in eodem monasterio in cripta, intrantibus in
latere sinistro." Folcwine, Gesta abbatum S.
Bertini Sithiensium, c. 66, MGH SS 13: 620; Cart. S.-Bertin,
ii, 38 (pp. 109-110); "Adalardus abbas Sithiu obiit, ..."
Ann. Bland., s.a. 864, 12; ""Obiit
Adalardus abbas sancti Amandi." Ann. Elnonenses,
s.a. 864, 146]. At an uncertain date, he had also become abbot of
Saint-Amand [Grierson (1938), 245 & n. 27]. He was apparently
not count of Ternois, as has sometimes been claimed [see ibid.,
245-6]. His nephew Raoul, son of Eberhard, later became abbot of
Saint Bertin.
Supposed son (disputed):
Bérenger,
d. 835, count of Toulouse, before 819-835.
Bérenger was count of Toulouse by 819, when he appears in
conflict with Loup Centulle of Gascony ["Simili modo et
Lupus Centulli Wasco, qui cum Berengario Tolosae et Warino
Arverni comite eodem anno proelio conflixit, ..." ARF,
s.a. 819, 150]. He died in 835 ["Eodem anno ipso in
itiere obiit Berengarius, dux fidelis et sapiens, quem imperator
cum filiis suis luxit multo tempore. Iste est annus vicesimus
secundus regni domni Hludowici piissimi imperatoris, ..."
Thegan, Vita Hludowici imp., c. 58, MGH SS 2: 603].
Bérenger disputed the mark of Gothie with Bernard, son of
Guillaume de Gellone, but the premature death of Bérenger
settled that dispute in favor of Bernard ["...
Sed et causa Gothorum ibidem ventilata est, quorum alii partibus
Bernhardi favebant, alii autem favore ducebantur Beringarii, Huronici
quondam comitis filii. Sed Berengario inmatura morte praerepto,
apud Bernhardum potestas Septimaniae quam maxima remansit,
legatis illuc missis, qui ea quae indigebant correctione in
meliorem componerent statum." Vita Hludowici imp.,
c. 57, MGH SS 2: 642]. Pertz, editor of the edition of Vita
Hludowici just cited, following Bouquet, wrongly emended Huronici
to H. Turonici, and that explains why Bérenger is
incorrectly called a son of count Hugues of Tours in some older
secondary sources [for more on this error, see Merlet (1897),
15-6; Depoin (1899), 47]. Huronicus, father of Bérenger
of Toulouse, has been identified as Hunroch, count of Ternois by
many authors [e.g., Favre (1896), 156; Depoin (1899), 46; Werner
(1965), 134; Settipani (2004), 193, n. 1]. This identification is
discussed further below.
Probable earlier
relative, sometimes identified with Hunroch of Ternois (probably
falsely):
Hunroch, fl.
802-814, count.
A count Hunroch (Unrochus comes)
appears in the records from 802 to 814. In January or February
802, this Hunroch received the guard of one of the Saxon hostages
sent to Alamannia ["Adaslgaudum filium Suigaut habuit
Unrocus comis." MGH Leg. 1: 90]. He was a missus
of the emperor in 806 ["... illo comiti Hadalhardus,
Fulradus, Unrocus seu Hrocculfus, missi domni imperatoris ..."
MGH Leg. 1: 137], and was one of the Frankish leaders who
participated in the peace treaty between the Franks and the Danes
in 811 ["Unrocus comes", ARF, s.a. 811, 134]. Unruochus
appears in the list of counts who were witnesses to the testament
of Charlemagne [Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni, c. 33, MGH
SS 2: 463]. Some have identified this Hunroch as the father of
Eberhard of Friuli [e.g., Dümmler (1871), 17; Favre (1896),
156].
Probable relative, nepos
of the earlier Hunroch:
Albgar, fl. 817, missus
in Dalmatia.
In 817, Albgar, nepos of Hunroch,
appears as a missus in Dalmatia ["... missusque
ad hoc cum Cadolane et praedicto legato in Dalmatiam Albgarius,
Unrochi nepos." ARF, s.a. 817, 145]. He was perhaps the
son of an Audachar [Chaume (1940a), 69-70; Werner (1965), 134].
Hlawitschka suggests that his mother was a sister of Hunroch
[Hlawitschka (1960), sketch of Alpcar].
The possible identification of Hunroch with other men of that name
It is possible to distinguish a man or men named Hunroch (or variant) in four different records (or groups of records) who have appeared as different individuals in at least some scholarly source. For ease of reference, it will be useful to assign temporary numbers to these four at least arguably distinct Hunrochs:
While I know of no scholar who has suggested that there were four different individuals here, these four Hunrochs have been identified and/or distinguished in several different ways, as a few examples will show. (These authors do not state the problem in terms of identifying the Hunrochs, but the way in which they are identifying the Hunrochs can be deduced from the relationships they state, and helps to show more clearly the differences between the opinions of these authors.) Dümmler makes Eberhard and Bérenger the sons of Hunroch #3, with Adalard as a close relative, perhaps a nephew, so he is identifying Hunroch #2, Hunroch #3, and Hunroch #4 as the same person, with Hunroch #1 as a distinct individual [Dümmler (1861), 172-3; Dümmler (1871), 17]. Favre makes Bérenger, Adalard, and Eberhard all sons of Hunroch #3, so he is identifying all four Hunrochs as the same individual [Favre (1896), 156]. Hofmeister first mentions a scenario similar to the one offered by Dümmler, but then leans toward Mühlbacher's alternative theory that Eberhard was a son of Bérenger of Toulouse [Hofmeister (1907), 316-7]. Chaume identifies Hunroch #1 and Hunroch #2 as one individual and Hunroch #3 and Hunroch #4 as another distinct individual [Chaume (1940a)]. Settipani identifies Hunroch #1, Hunroch #2, and Hunroch #4 as the same, but it is not clear if he is also identifying Hunroch #3 with the others [Settipani (2004), 193, n. 1].
Concerning Hunroch #2, we should mention the theory of Mühlbacher, which would make Eberhard a son of Bérenger of Toulouse [Mühlbacher, #962 (931) a]. This is also accepted as a possible alternative by Hofmeister, who states that when Sedulius Scottus referred to Eberhard as "Hunroci proles" [MGH Poet. Lat. 3: 221], this could refer no less to a grandson than a son. While it is true that proles can also refer to a descendant as well as a child, the natural interpretation in this setting is that Sedulius was giving us the name of Eberhard's father. Indeed, there are several good reasons to believe that Eberhard of Friuli was a son of Hunroch of Ternois, i.e. that Hunroch #1 and Hunroch #2 should be identified as the same person:
This evidence give us a very strong case that Eberhard and Adalard were brothers. On the other hand, the most basic chronological estimates would lead us to believe that Hunroch #3 and Hunroch #4 were in an earlier generation that Hunroch of Ternois. However, such chronological estimates can also be very misleading, and the number of authors who have made Eberhard and Bérenger brothers (effectively identifying Hunroch #2 and Hunroch #4) is significant [e.g., Dümmler (1871), 17; Favre (1896), 156; Depoin (1899), 46; Werner (1965), 134; Settipani (2004), 193, n. 1]. Although not supported directly, this identification has the onomastic argument that Eberhard had a son named Bérenger (i.e., Berengario I, king of Italy). However, Chaume has pointed out a major problem with that identification. At the time of his death, Bérenger of Toulouse is called Huronici quondam comitis filius [Vita Hludowici imp., c. 57, MGH SS 2: 642, see above], indicating that his father did not survive him, while Hunroch of Ternois is known to have been still alive later than Bérenger's death in 835 [Chaume (1948a), 54]. Also, note that the floruit of Bérenger of Toulouse was significantly earlier than his supposed brothers Eberhard of Friuli and Adalard of Saint-Bertin, and even somewhat earlier than his supposed father Hunroch of Ternois. Thus, Chaume argues, the Hunroch who was father of Bérenger of Toulouse was an older member of the same family, and distinct from Hunroch of Ternois. It is unclear whether later authors who have made Bérenger of Toulouse a son of Hunroch of Ternois have rejected Chaume's argument for some unstated reason or whether they have overlooked it [Werner (1965), 134; Settipani (2004), 193, n. 1]. However, Chaume's objection is significant, and it seems unlikely that Hunroch #4 was the same person as Hunroch of Ternois.
With regard to Hunroch #3, we note that there is a significant gap between the last known appearance of this Hunroch in 814 and the first known appearance of Hunroch of Ternois in 839. Thus, given Chaume's indication that there was an earlier Hunroch who died before 835, it seems more likely that we are dealing with two different individuals here, and that Hunroch #3 was also distinct from Hunroch of Ternois. The identification of Hunroch #3 and Hunroch #4 is plausible enough, but relies heavily on the assumption that Huronicus represents the name Hunroch.
In summary, Hunroch #1 and Hunroch #2 were the same man, probably distinct from Hunroch #3 and Hunroch #4, who may have been the same individual. While I am largely in agreement with Chaume with regard to the identification of these individuals named Hunroch, my agreement with Chaume does not extend to most of his further conjectures about the family of Hunroch discussed below, which I believe tend to push the evidence too far.
Conjectured connections of Hunroch of
Ternois
A number of conjectures regarding
further supposed relatives of Hunroch have been advanced, most
notably by Maurice Chaume [Chaume (1925), Chaume (1940a), Chaume
(1940b)].
Supposed father (evidence
poor): Bérenger,
fl. 8 July 801, d. before 28 October 834.
Conjectured mother (basis
for conjecture unclear):
NN, daughter of Isembard,
count of Thurgovie.
[Depoin (1899), 46; Chaume (1940a), 55-6,
73; Chaume (1940b), table] This claim is based on the
identification of Hunroch with a certain "Heinric filius
quondam Berngeri" who appears in a charter dated 28
October 834 [Chaume (1940a), 56, n. 32, citing Chartularium
Werthinense, #32 and Beyer, Mittelrheinisches
Urkundenbuch, vol. 1, #47 (neither seen by me)]. Chaume
identifies this Bérenger with a Bérenger who appears with his
sister Huna in a donation of 8 July 801 to Lorsch ["...
ego Bereger ... Huna soror mea ..."Codex Lauresh.
2: 136 (#1171)]. I remain unconvinced by the supposed identity of
the names Hunroch and Heinrich/Henry. The conjectured mother of
Hunroch appears (with "dotted" lines) on one of
Chaume's charts [Chaume (1940b), table], and it is unclear on
what evidence it is based.
Supposed wife: Engletrude,
conjectured daughter of Bego, count of Paris,
and widow of Udalrich, count of Argengau.
Supposed stepson (very
doubtful):
Udalrich, marquis of Gothie, 854-858.
The claim that Hunroch's wife was named Engeltrude and that she
was also married to Udalrich was given by Chaume on two separate
occasions, without clearly setting out his supporting evidence.
In 1925, he was placing Hunroch as the first husband of
Engletrude and Udalrich as the second [Chaume (1925), 176, n. 2,
205, n. 4, 542-3, 550], while by 1940 he had changed his mind,
and was giving Engeltrude the same two marriages, but in the
other order, with the supposed first husband Udalrich living on
12 March 816, but deceased soon after [Chaume (1940a), 53; Chaume
(1940b), 128-9, table]. In a table given in a brief note
published in 2004, Settipani accepted the name and parentage of
Hunroch's wife, with an indication that details would appear in a
future publication [Settipani (2004), 193, n. 1].
The supposed other marriage of the wife of Hunroch is evidently based mainly on the testament of Hunroch's son Eberhard of Friuli, in which Eberhard mentions his nepos Adalroch as one of his vassals ["... coram fidelibus nostris qui interfuerunt, quorum nomina sunt hec: Adalroch, nepos noster, ..." Cart. Cysoing, 1-5 (#1); see the page of Eberhard]. This Adalroch is identified by Chaume as an Udalrich, son of Udalrich (Odalric, Ouri), marquis of Gothie, 854-858, and member of a dynasty of Udalrichs descending from Udalrich, brother of Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne [see Chaume (1925), 551 (table 12)]. Since Chaume generally interprets the term nepos as meaning "nephew" in the strict sense, he explains the above relationship by making Eberhard a uterine brother of Udalrich of Gothie. However, Chaume's argument has several flaws. The identification of Eberhard's nepos Adalroch (not otherwise identified) as a son of Udalrich of Gothie is far from certain, and there is no guarantee that nepos should be interpreted as strictly as "nephew". Also, the assumption that Hunroch did not marry his wife until after 816 does not fit well chronologically with the fact that his son Eberhard was a legate of Lothair I in May 836 [see the page of Eberhard]. Thus, the theory that Hunroch's wife had another marriage to a count Udalrich seems doubtful.
I have not found a citation which justifies the name of Hunroch's wife. It may be an onomastic conjecture, based on the fact that the eldest daughter of Hunroch's son Eberhard was named Engeltrude. The conjectured relationship between the counts of Paris and the family of Hunroch has been suggested because of the presence of the names Eberhard, Adalard, and Engeltrude (and perhaps also Bérenger and Gérard) in both families. A connection between the two families was suggested by Lot, who did not try to specify a specific link [Lot (1908), 192, n. 4], and Chaume conjectured that Hunroch's wife was a daughter of count Bego of Paris [Chaume (1940b), 128-9]. While a relationship between the families of Hunroch and the counts of Paris seems likely, it is difficult to be confident about the exact nature of the link.
Conjectured children:
Gérard, count of Ternois, 853.
The comitatus of Gérard is
mentioned in the Capitulary of Servais in 853 [MGH Leg. 1: 426],
and Gérard is also mentioned in the Life of St. Winnoc [Vita
Winnoci, c. 11-2, MGH SS 15: 776]. The region over which he
was count is not explicitly stated, but appears to have been
Ternois [Grierson (1938), 255, n. 86]. The conjecture of Chaume
that Gérard was a son of Hunroch was partly based on the
appearance of the name Gérard in the family of the counts of
Paris to which Hunroch's wife is conjectured to have belonged
(see above) [Chaume (1940b), 128 & table; Settipani (2004),
193, n. 1; see the above conjecture on Engeltrude]. The
conjecture is possible, but very thinly based.
NN, m. Suppo (III), d.
877×9, margrave of Spoleto.
In a charter of Hunroch's grandson
Berengario I dated 12 May 890, Suppo's son Hunroch is called a
relative of Berengario "Unroch consanguineus noster
filius quondam Supponis incliti marcionis" Dipl.
Bereng. I, 34 (#8, 12 May 890)]. This, along with the obvious
onomastic argument with the name Hunroch, is the reason for
Hlawitschka's conjecture that Suppo's wife was a daughter of
Hunroch of Ternois [Hlawitschka (1960), sketches of Suppo (III)
and Unroch (II), and Excurs: "Zur Genealogie der
Supponiden" (pp. 299-309)]. The conjecture is a reasonable
one.
Conjectured brother (evidence
poor): Bérenger,
missus in 825, count [of Boulogne?], 846.
Bérenger appears as a missus for
Louis the Pious in 825 in the dioceses of Noyon, Amiens,
Térouanne, and Cambrai ["Super quatuor vero episcopatus
qui ad eandem diocesim pertinent, id est Noviomacensem,
Ambianensem, Tarvanensem, et Camaracensem, Ragnarius episcopus et
Berengarius comes." MGH SS Leg. 1: 246]. He was perhaps
the same as the Bérenger who, in 846, was granted property in pagus
Mempiscus by Charles the Bald [Vanderkindere (1902), 1: 37,
n. 1 citing Cart. Stavelot-Malmedy, 1: 77
(which I did not have the opportunity to check)]. The conjecture
that Bérenger was a brother of Hunroch is based on a string of
hypotheses of the type for which Chaume is well known. It is
based in part on a legendary story from Gesta comitum
Barcinonensium (of which the relevant part was composed
shortly after 1160), which states that count Guifred of Barcelona
impregnated a daughter (unnamed) of the count of Flanders (also
unnamed) and later married her [see RHF 9: 68]. Chaume
conjectures that this legend was instead referring to Ermesinde,
mother of Guifred [Chaume (1940b), 125-6]. In other arguments, he
also conjectures that Ermesinde was a sister of marquis Onfroi of
Gothie [ibid., 117-8] and that Onfroi was a close relative of
Hunroch of Ternois [ibid., 126]. He then identifies Bérenger of
Boulogne as the Flemish count who was Ermesinde's supposed
father, making Bérenger a brother of Hunroch [ibid., 129, 135-6,
table].
Conjectured sister (evidence
poor): Huna,
m. Aubry IV, count of Blois mosellan (Bidgau, pagus
Bedensis).
Chaume's conjecture is based entirely on
onomastics. The name Huna is rare, and another individual of that
name appears in 801 as the sister of a Bérenger whom Chaume
conjectures as the father of Hunroch (see above). Also, Huna had
(among others) children named Henri (Heinricus) and Eric
(Heriricus), both of which Chaume regards as
"Unruoching" names (with Henri being considered the
same name as Hunroch) [Chaume (1940a), 71, 73; Chaume (1940b),
123-4, table].
Ann. Bland. = Annales Blandinenses, Grierson (1937), 1-73.
Ann. Elnonenses = Annales Elnonenses, Grierson (1937), 132-175.
ARF = Georg Pertz & Friedrich Kurze, Annales Regni Francorum (Annals of the kingdom of the Franks), MGH SRG 6 (Hannover, 1895), a collective name commonly given to two closely related sets of annals, Annales Laurissenses Maiores and the so-called Einhardi Annales (Annals of Einhard), in parallel on alternate pages until the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 (s.a. 801).
Cart. S.-Bertin = M. Guérard, Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Bertin (Collection des cartulaires de France, 3, Paris, 1840).
Cart. Stavelot-Malmedy = Jos. Halkin & C.-G. Roland, Recueil de chartes de l'abbaye de Stavelot-Malmedy, 2 vols. (Académie Royale de Belgique, Commission Royale d'Historie 36, Brussels, 1909).
Chaume (1925) = Maurice Chaume, Les origines du duché de Bourgogne, 4 vols. (Dijon, 1925).
Chaume (1940a) = Maurice Chaume, "Bérenger, comte de Toulouse", Annales du Midi 52 (1940): 50-73.
Chaume (1940b) = Maurice Chaume, "Onfroi, marquis de Gothie, ses origines et ses attaches familiales", Annales du Midi 52 (1940): 113-136 + table.
Codex Lauresh. = Codex principis olim Laureshamensis abbatiae diplomaticus, 3 vols., (Mannheim, 1768-70). I have only had access to volumes 1 and 2. I have not seen Glöckner's modern edition [K. Glöckner, ed., Codex Laureshamensis, 3 vols., (Darmstadt, 1929-36)].
Depoin (1899) = Joseph Depoin, "Le duc Ébrard de Frioul et les trois comtes Matfrid", Annales de la société archéologique de Bruxelles 13, 1 (1899): 5-20.
Dipl. Bereng. I = Luigi Schiaparelli, ed., I diplomi di Berengario I (Fonti per la storia d'Italia, 35, Rome, 1903).
Dümmler (1861) = Ernst Dümmler, "Fünf Gedichte des Sedulius Scottus an den Markgrafen Eberhard von Friaul", Jahrbuch für vaterländische Geschichte 1 (1861): 167-188.
Dümmler (1871) = Ernst Dümmler, Gesta Berengarii Imperatoris (Halle, 1871).
Favre (1896) = Édouard Favre, "La famille d'Évrard marquis de Frioul dans le royaume franc de l'ouest", in Études d'histoire du Moyen Age dédiées à Gabriel Monod (Paris, 1896), 155-162.
Grierson (1937) = Philip Grierson, ed., Les Annales de Saint-Pierre de Gand et de Saint-Amand (Brussels, 1937). [Annales Blandinenses, Annales Elmarenses, Annales Formoselenses, Annales Elnonenses]
Grierson (1938) = Philip Grierson, "La maison d'Evrard de Frioul et les origines du comté de Flandre", Revue du Nord 24 (1938): 241-266.
Hlawitschka (1960) = Eduard Hlawitschka, Franken, Alemannen, Bayern und Burgunder in Oberitalien (774-962) (Freiburg, 1960).
Hofmeister (1907) = Adolf Hofmeister, "Markgrafen und Markgrafschaften im Italischen Königreich in der Zeit von Karl dem Grossen bis auf Otto den Grossen (774-962)", Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 7 (1907): 215-435.
Lot (1908) = Ferdinand Lot, "Note sur le sénéchal Alard" (Mélanges carolingiens, V), Le Moyen Age 21 (1908): 185-209.
Merlet (1897) = René Merlet, "Les comtes de Chartres de Châteaudun et de Blois aux IXe et Xe siècles", Mémoires de la Société Archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir 12 (1897), 1-84.
MGH Leg. = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Leges series.
MGH Poet. Lat. = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Poetae latini aevi carolini.
MGH SS = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores series.
RHF = Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France.
Settipani (2004) = Christian Settipani, La Noblesse du Midi Carolingien (Prosopographia et Genealogica 5, 2004).
Vanderkindere (1902) = Léon Vanderkindere, La Formation Territoriale des Principautes Belge au Moyen Age (2 vols., 2nd ed., Brussels, 1902, reprinted 1981).
Werner (1965) = Karl Ferdinand Werner, "Bedeutende Adelsfamilien im Reich Karls des Großen", Karl der Große, 1 (Düsseldorf, 1965): 83-142.
Compiled by Stewart Baldwin
First uploaded 20 September 2008.